History Mysteries

I have certain lessons that fall under the category of "History Mysteries." I like them because I can honestly tell my students that there is no right answer and it is up to them to determine what they believe and support it with evidence.

One of the mysteries that I have turned into a two day lesson is on Sacco & Vanzetti. The information for this lesson came from UMKC School of Law Famous Trials page. I took information from many of the pages and turned it into a case for my students to solve.

First students enter my classroom and see caution tape, a chalk outline of a body and evidence markers. Next I show them a video I made in the style of Law & Order. I call it Law & Order: History Revisited. Once introduced to the case, I pass out "FBI Folders" that I made. These include biographies on individuals associated with the case, maps, evidence, information on the investigation and more.

Over the course of two days, my students work as a team to find evidence to determine whether Sacco and Vanzetti were in fact guilty or not guilty. Then they have a discussion and ultimately render a verdict.

Another mystery involves the sinking of the USS Maine. Students discuss all the theories of what happened. This year I acquired, at a library auction, a textbook on the history of Cuba that was published in 1898. I cannot wait to use the last chapter on the USS Maine as a primary source.

I enjoy turning lessons into mysteries for students to solve, rather than a lecture or a reading. My students respond well to these lessons and are using collaboration, communication and critical thinking.

Breakout EDU - The Coolest Thing Since Escape Rooms

A little over a year ago I discovered Breakout Edu. It takes the escape room concept and brings it into the classroom. Students are introduced to a locked box with a story related to the theme of the game. Together they must work collaboratively to solve puzzles, riddles and other activities. These clues then help them to open locks. With just 45 minutes to complete a game, participants are challenged to problem solve, learn perseverance and work as a team. Breakout games are designed by teachers for use with students from preschool to college, and even adults!

I use the games in my class for both review at the end of a unit and for content. For example, this past year, I used a Breakout game to teach my students about Watergate. I had limited time to cover the topic and found that rather than a lecture or worksheet (which I almost never do in my classroom anyway), I would find an engaging way to help them learn about the scandal.

I typically break students into four groups (I have 4 complete kits) to ensure there is a role for every student. I have an average of 34 students per class. Some games are completely physical games (with all clues in class). Others include online puzzles. I continue to refine and learn what works and doesn't work.

I have found that many of my students who may not do well on tests or on other assignments, excel in Breakout games. I had one student last year who was often in a group that failed to breakout. She was frustrated but refused to give up. Learning as we played each game, she came in the day of the Watergate Breakout and was determined. This time she and her group were not only the first to finish in her class, but out of all of my classes. The pride she and her team had was so cool to see.

I encourage you to give it a try! Your students will love it! Check out Breakout Edu to get started.

My games are centered around an entire unit such as the Gilded Age or a single topic such as Watergate. Students use their content knowledge to help them solve puzzles!

Breakout games promote the 4 Cs: Collaboration, Communication, Critical Thinking and Creativity!

Every team that completes the game in 45 minutes gets a photo. In the future, I will make a wall of fame with these pictures for the year. Students love to compete to see who has the fastest time!

Spectrum of Slavery

In my AP US History class, we study the different points of view of slavery during the Antebellum period. One method that helps my students understand the different opinions is to create a spectrum from the most radical abolitionist to the most staunch supporter of slavery. The discussions they have in groups while they debate takes their understanding to a new level. In the end, I have 7 volunteers stand at the front while the whole class puts them in order. This furthers the discussion.

Speed Dating

This idea was something I learned from being part of an AP US History group and I adapted it to my classroom. At the end of our unit on the Gilded Age and Progressive Era, we held a Speed Dating Day. This was done in both my college prep and AP classes and they loved it!

Prior to this, students were assigned a reformer to research. They were responsible for submitting a resume for this person. Then on the day of the Speed Dating, we had three minute rotations where "reformers" could talk to each other and find their perfect match for reforming an area of the Gilded Age. Students were encouraged to bring props to enhance their presentations. Each student was given a chart to complete during the activity.

Talk about 100% engagement! Even my less talkative students were actively engaged in conversations. Next year I plan to add romantic music, candle lights (battery powered obviously) and other decorations to make it seem like a real Speed Dating event.

Meeting their perfect matches!

Thomas Nast shares cartoons!

Poster DBQs

Today is block schedule at my school which means 2 hour and 2 minute classes. That is a very long time for students to sit and listen to a lecture. We started off with our March Madness Elite 8 round and voting, but that only took 20 minutes. The idea for a visual DBQ came from an AVID conference that I had attended years ago.

I found 17 different documents (speeches, letters, diagrams, photos, etc) and put them together in a Google Doc. Students were put into groups of four and given the instructions to look through each document and decide how they would answer the question: Why did the US lose the Vietnam War? Once they had decided on an answer, they were given a piece of flip chart paper, scissors, markers and glue sticks. On the poster they had to write a thesis statement. Then students selected 6-8 documents that supported their claim as to why we lost the war. Each document was cut out and glued on the paper. Students wrote sentences underneath explaining how that document answered the question. Many students also chose to make colorful borders and pictures to enhance the look of their posters.

Each team was asked to present its thesis and supporting evidence. We then discussed comparisons to other wars, both past and present.

Rather than me telling them in 5 minutes the reasons why the US lost the war, students used document analysis, critical thinking and collaboration skills to answer the question. This took over an hour of group work. All of these skills are essential common core and 21st century skills. It also allows the students to take ownership of their learning rather than be passive listeners to a teacher on stage.

Here are some pictures of completed posters:

Truman Trial

For the past five years, I have been including a mock trial in my curriculum. For one week (or sometimes longer), my classroom is transformed into a courtroom in 1953. The defendant is former President Harry S. Truman and he is charged with war crimes and crimes against humanity for dropping the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945. Students assume the roles of lawyers, witnesses, judges, court reporters, and jurors. The assignment becomes tiered with lawyers and witnesses eligible to earn A grades, judges and court reporters B grades and jurors C grades. Due to increased interest in witness level roles, I have created several new witness roles this past year. Originally there were 14 total, but I now can include 21 total.

The trial takes between 5-7 days depending on the number of witnesses, preparedness of the lawyers and number of times lawyers need to take breaks to meet with their witnesses. We start on day one with opening statements from the lawyers and then move right into prosecution witnesses. The witnesses for the prosecution include Premier Joseph Stalin, President Dwight Eisenhower, Ambassador Joseph Grew, Scientist Leo Szilard and Japanese Cabinet Member Hitsasune Sakomizu. Once all witnesses for the prosecution have gone, then the defense presents its case. Witnesses for the defense include Prime Minister Winston Churchill, Scientist J. Robert Oppenheimer and Japanese Minister Shigenori Togo. The final day includes closing statements and then the jury deliberates and votes.Throughout the trial, lawyers are encouraged to present primary sources related to the trial as evidence. This includes photos, maps, letters, etc.

The final assignment for the trial is an essay where students are asked to evaluate President Truman's decision to drop the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

I take photos and video throughout the trial and make a video each year that I present to the next year's students as a teaser for the trial.

March Madness Cold War Style

I recently attended a seminar by Dave Burgess on how to Teach Like a Pirate. One of the ideas that was mentioned in this seminar was how to take sporting events and current issues and bring them into your classroom. The idea was presented about repurposing March Madness and that is exactly what I have done! My students are going to compete in regions to determine the most influential event of the the Cold War.

I started with 64 Cold War events and programs, grouped them into categories and created the tournament brackets. Students were then divided into four regions and are responsible for researching the 16 events in their region. Each student has two events to research in most classes due to my class sizes. They are working collaboratively using Google Docs to create summaries to share with the whole class and are also completing a paper with "talking points" that they can use while discussing/debating in each round.

To make their research easier, I have used a great program called Livebinders to store websites on all 64 events. If you haven't yet checked out Livebinders, visit my Cold War Binder to see how it can be used.

After their research is complete, regions will work together to choose which events make it to the Sweet 16 and then it will become a whole class discussion. Each round adds new tasks and regions will be making presentations, posters and promoting their events. I also plan on inviting in guests to question students in the Final Four and Championship rounds.

Here is the link to my Weebly site with the instructions and documents. After the activity is complete I will be sure to update!

The Great American Hall of Fame

This post is in honor and memory of a friend and teacher named Darren Thomas. Darren taught AP US History. He was quite proud of his Idaho roots and so established a Mr. Potato Head project for AP students to conduct after the exam was over. Each year students chose 2 famous Americans to induct into the Great American Hall of Fame. What they did was choose Americans they thought were worthy of the honor and had debates over their merits. Once the two individuals were chosen for the year, a Mr. Potato Head was created in their likeness. They are then formally inducted into this hall of fame with a special dinner ceremony. Here are examples of Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton:

Other individuals who have been inducted include Sacajawea, Abraham Lincoln, Teddy Roosevelt, Dorothea Dix, Clara Barton and FDR. There is even a Hall of Shame group of inductees that includes Aaron Burr.

Mr. Thomas just recently passed away and his students created a Mr. Potato Head of him and inducted him into the Hall of Fame.